The Catcher In The Rye :: essays research papers

The Catcher in the RyeBy J.D. SalingerThe Catcher in the Rye was an interesting and arguable book. I chose to read the book because of the negative status it has with parents, teachers, and school. I wanted to discover what the roots of this controversy are.The main character who narrates throughout the book, Holden Caulfield, tells active his life sentence before and after he is kicked from Pencey Prep. At Pencey, the only subject he got a decent grade in was English, all others he failed and didnt supply up to regularly. The meat of the book consists mainly of what Holden does and thinks after he leaves Pencey. His internal conflict after leaving is what his parents will think when they find out he had been kicked from another college. The title of the book portrays the best idea of what Holden wants to do with his life. He imagines a group of children playing in a rye field thats adjacent to a cliff. He described himself to his sister as the person that would catch the kids i f they ever got near the edge.This book was truly enjoyable to read, to see Holdens strange and peculiar outlook on life. He had very distinct things that he hated and liked. For example, the only kind of books he enjoyed were books written by his brother, who wrote lilliputian stories. In many parts of the book, he is remembering a girl he once went out with or liked at one time. In one instance he called a girl he had the number of in the middle of the night from a drab hotel room. I think he did this solely to hear a girls voice.The controversy that has arisen from this book also became clear after reading it. Holden has an overall negative attitude about everything and the way he lives his life. Also, his being kicked from colleges numerous times doesnt set a good example either.This novel by J.D. Salinger about a troubled teen is one thats controversial and fun to read at the same time.

social theory :: essays research papers fc

no paper avail as of yetReport Writing - Rewrite The chapter on idea writing is very important for those who impart be doing senior projects, or who will be doing formal give notice (of)s at pee. There are also many a(prenominal) terrific advanced features in MS Word that you ought to know about and be experimenting with. Some sections of MHH 324 require that you do research and write a report paper (on top of everything else) I would like to leave the research tasks for other courses, and have you focus on using standards for business reporting to dress up a paper which youve already done. Study the Report format suggestions of the text (Chapters 11-12) and also study the report template of your team, including the MS provided guides (modified somewhat by your instructor). Tip Go to your styles menu and advanced features in order to import a style which you like from one MS Word document to your Normal Template, and from there to a new document. You might also find useful some ideas for formatting in several "reports" done by Steve. The first reviews some of the vision of rotating shaft Drucker when it comes to thinking about new challenges to management. A second report explores the impact of technology on new ways of working and forms of organization. Haul out an emeritus term paper which youve submitted in the past to one course or another. In a pinch you can borrow a pretty real(a) term paper from a friend. Your goal is to "dress up" this old assignment such that youd be willing ot incorporate it into a portfolio of your best work which you might show a prospective employer. You should include/use at the least, the following items in your report      Letter of Transmittal (cover letter) -- tell me what you learned and how you appreciate the assignment      Title page - dont stick too close to tradition.. make it look professional but with excellent design      Executive s ummary - as usual, single space, no indents      Headings to at least 3 levels - use MSWord Styles as you write and revise the document.. itll save you tons of time      Converting to a business-style document will ususally mean shorter paragraphs (one per idea), and many more levels of header organization. Dont hesitate to insert pull quotes, call-outs, or other sidebar features      Format with appropriate margins and spacing.

Comparing Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde and The Sign of Four Essay -- compar

Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde has left such a deeply painful mental picture on my heart that I do not know how I am ever to turn it again -- Valdine Clemens That which is willed and that which is wanted can be as different as the mind and the heart. The Victorian age in English Literature is known for its earnest obedience to a clean-livingistic and highly unified social code of conduct however, in the last decade of the 19th Century this order began to be questioned. So dramatic was the change in panorama that Stevensons The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (published in 1883) and Doyles The Sign of Four (published in 1890) can be used to display this breaking away from strict social and moral standards. Stevensons character Mr. Utterson can be used to personify the earnest social morality that the Victorian age is known for, while Doyles protagonist Sherlock Holmes personifies the conjure to more individualistic pursuits. In their search for answers, Mr. Utterson a nd Sherlock Holmes exhibit very different motivations for investigating the fulfillment of social and moral obligations, and personal satisfaction, respectively. This can be shown by comparing and contrasting these two characters reasons for getting involved, their methods of dispensing information during their investigations, and their results at the cases conclusions. The characters actions in the first paragraphs of each of these works is very revealing Sherlock Holmes is injecting himself with cocain and Mr. Utterson is described as having resisted the theater (that he enjoys) for over twenty years. From these beginnings, it is obvious who the pleasure seeker is and who adheres to a strong sense of morals. Although Mr. Utt... ... Valdine. The Return of the Repressed medieval Horror from The Castle of Otranto to Alien. Albany State University of New York, 1999. Print.Doyle, Conan. The Sign of Four in The Complete Sherlock Holmes Barnes & Noble, Dayton, New Jersey, 1988.Steven son, Robert Louis. The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde and Other Tales Of Horror. capital of the United Kingdom Penguin, 2003. Print.Works ConsultedCharyn, Jerome. Who Is Hyde? Afterword The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde. Bantam Books. Doubleday Dell Publishing Group, Inc., 1981. 105-114.Hume, David. Of Moral and Social order. An Introduction to Philosophy. Ed. G. Lee Bowie, Meredith W. Michaels and Robert C. Solomon. 4th ed. Harcourt College Publishers, 2000. 348-352Mighall, Dr. Robert. A Geography of Victorian gothic Fiction Mapping Historys Nightmares. Oxford University Press, 1999. 166-209.

Essay --

Thus in the thinking about post-conflict reconstruction it is that form _or_ system of government oriented work, which primarily reflects an institutional capacity approach to state developmentthis state will have a monopoly over the legitimate use of violence, cite public order, generate employment, stabilize the economy, and provide essential services( Krasner 20106). This gives insight that institutions in their premises posses legitimate and authoritative power to govern. Imposed in prim way, trained and informed, this state settlement is licensed to implement new political agenda. Solely they consist tools and methods to implemented new codes of conduct and make civil cabaret more effective. Economic growth mainly depends on their accuracy and effectiveness. Recapitulate, indeed institutions should be interpreted as primary concern in state edifice process before any upcoming change. Arguing about democracy, it is seen as exogenous phenomena which certainly deems most appro priate political settlement for the country entirely according to above mentioned, it cannot operate without beforehand installation of good endogenous components-institutions. Recommendation that strikes from above mentioned is that at most basic level democracies and capitalism hypothecate a functioning of state apparatus but in state expression agenda which is oriented solely toward promotion of democratization and marketization in intuitionally infirm post-conflict environments is counterproductive.(Paris 2004205). Paris in this regard proposes strategy IBL that addresses to phenomenon of institutionalization, hence advantages of installing proper institutions before liberalizing the field. The dilemma of IBL (Institutionalization before Liberalization) IBL solution and its p... ...nce, on one side the actions taken by UN peace mission come up to $19.9 billion and on the other side during same period costs up to $6.9 trillion were utilize for military enforcement in differ ent parts of the world, which when it comes to costs and values of human lives neglects the fact of lavish international assistance in terms of state building process.(Paris 2004 211). From this derives that all this dangers could be easily maneuvered with patient and prioritized actions. Ultimately by promoting gradual controlled liberalization combined with the immediate construction of domestic institutions that are capable of managing destabilizing make of democratization and marketization, IBL strategy seems more compatible and harmless for state building process.(Paris 2004211). As such prioritization of actions encountered under its umbrella should be considered.

The State of US-EU Relations Essay -- International Relations Europe A

The State of US-EU RelationsGood Morning Ladies and Gentlemen, It is my pleasure to blab out to you today on the unfortunately precarious state of affairs between the coupled States and Europe. As you all know, hegemonic power has shifted between European nations for centuries, while the United States did not emerge as such an influential entity until after World War II. Since these post-war reconstructive years, the United States has continued to grow in social, economic, political, and diplomatic strength, therefrom cementing its role as a major international power. Although Europe came out of the war battered and bruised, it rose up out of the ashes, and surpassed its former glory to separate yet another chapter in its historical saga. After Europe got back on its feet, the European Union was created, which is undoubtedly a major modern success story. The US and the EU have achieved high levels of development and stability that have led them to take on both(prenominal) regional and global leadership roles. Representatives from both bodies work side by side in the creation and implementation of indemnity in organizations such as the UN and the OECD (Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development). Unfortunately, this rosy picture of harmonical relations is more than a little bit idealistic. To say that there have not been times of tension and strife between the US and the EU would obviously be incorrect. Even to say, that the days of friction and discord are over would be a fallacy, because certain issues continue to put a pedigree on US-EU relations. In order to detail the why for the current state of US-EU relations, I go away first talk about how past and present conflicts and failures of policy have been caused by fundamenta... ...lliance has been a critical component of the international system for the past five decade but the transatlantic relationship is now under secure strainCooperation across the Atlantic will remain cr itical for addressing the regional and increasingly global challenges likely to be central in the twenty-first one CDespite the forces pushing apart the two sides of the Atlantic, the United States and Europe still have compatible interests and complementary capabilitiesand virtually every objective that Americans and Europeans seek will be easier to attain if they work together15 Thank you very much for allowing me to speak today on the Atlantic Rift and the State of US-EU Relations. I hope to see you all again, as the United States and the European Union work through their differences, and continue to come together at the global dicker table.

The State of US-EU Relations Essay -- International Relations Europe A

The State of US-EU RelationsGood Morning Ladies and Gentlemen, It is my pleasure to speak to you today on the unfortunately unassured state of affairs between the United States and Europe. As you all know, hegemonic power has shifted between European nations for centuries, while the United States did not emerge as much(prenominal) an influential entity until after World War II. Since these post-war reconstructive years, the United States has continued to grow in social, economic, political, and diplomatic strength, thus cementing its role as a major international power. Although Europe came out of the war battered and bruised, it rose up out of the ashes, and surpassed its former glory to start yet another chapter in its historic saga. After Europe got back on its feet, the European Union was created, which is undoubtedly a major modern success story. The US and the EU have achieved spunky levels of development and stability that have led them to take on both regional and gl obal leadership roles. Representatives from both bodies work location by side in the creation and implementation of policy in organizations such as the UN and the OECD (Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development). Unfortunately, this rosy picture of harmonious relations is more than a smaller bit idealistic. To say that there have not been times of tension and strife between the US and the EU would obviously be incorrect. Even to say, that the days of friction and discord are over would be a fallacy, because certain issues continue to put a strain on US-EU relations. In order to percentage point the why for the current state of US-EU relations, I pass on first talk about how past and present conflicts and failures of policy have been caused by fundamenta... ...lliance has been a little component of the international system for the past five decade but the transatlantic relationship is now under serious strainCooperation across the Atlantic will remain critica l for addressing the regional and increasingly global challenges likely to be central in the twenty-first centuryDespite the forces pushing apart the cardinal sides of the Atlantic, the United States and Europe still have compatible interests and complementary capabilitiesand virtually every objective that Americans and Europeans seek will be easier to attain if they work together15 Thank you very much for allowing me to speak today on the Atlantic Rift and the State of US-EU Relations. I hope to see you all again, as the United States and the European Union work through their differences, and continue to come together at the global bargaining table.

Leigh Anne Tuohy from “The Blind Side” Essay

Leigh Anne Tuohy from the movie The Blind Side embodies what it means to be a passionate, strong, and loving mother. Shes no bullshit, and its obvious on screen. When she speaks, she means it. She doesnt want to raise spoiled, bratty kids she sleep togethers better than that. When she gets tough, its non out of anger or hate. Its coming from a fertile place of love. She non unless demonstrates her passionate- nigh-life demeanor to her children, but to everyone she scratchs across. She is neer rude, bitchy, hateful, or disrespectful. But somehow she manages to remain a leader among everyone she meets.In the recent years, in that location have been some new philosophies on pargonnting that try to brainwash the minds of parents in need of guidance. These parents wear offt want to be mean or cut their children. They see other parents spanking and call with anger, and they k at present thats non the right federal agency to go. The new philosophies confirm this, but take a ro tatory stance on an alternative No leaders whatsoever.This sounds like something so wild and outlandish that it may actually work Bend to the childs every demand, and reward misbehavior. Disillusioned parents will try to look past the fact that their kids are not learning any responsibilities, demanding them around like servants, and progressing slow with behavior issues than other children their age. The scary part about it is nobody has yet seen the long-term affects of this no discipline parenting. Kids without strong leaders as parents are utilize to getting everything they need emotionally and materialistically from somebody else, and when theyre on their stimulate, there is no emotional parental crutch to hold their hand through produce sides. Their sureities go haywire, growing into selfish adults incapable of depending about others. Theyve been raised to be the constant center of attention at all times, so considering another(prenominal) persons well-organism would be silly.Either that, or the child grows to be depressed about life, finding out it doesnt work the way their parents had originally presented it to them. I could go on explaining all the reasons why that type of parenting doesnt work, but were overthat. Youre smart enough to not go down that road with your kids, so now I want to guide you in the right direction. And Leigh Anne is going to help me. She is the perfect model for how CharismaticKid teaches leadership to parents, and she depose be our company mascot if she wants to. (Leigh Anne, if youre reading this call me. Well do lunch.) Its in her vibe, in her tone, and in her words. And she knows words play the mildest role when it comes to precept leadership and discipline. Remember, childrens first teacher was body language, the next was verbal communication. Charismatic parents say more with one or two words than close to parents can say with a whole bucket load.1. RespectWhen her personal appealtic kid, SJ, puts his feet up o n the dashboard of her BMW, she turns from normal to dont even think about it tone.Gitchyer feet cancelled my dash.She said it calmly, as if she already knew he would comply. And he doesnt have a second thought about it. He takes them off as if he knew he wasnt supposed to, but forgot. Thank you. Put on your seatbelt.2. IndependenceWhen her daughter, Collins, smacked the floor after trying to save the oaf from hitting the ground at her high school volleyball game, she gave her mother a look of I cant deal with this anymore.Leigh Anne knows that confident kids dont come running to their parents when they encounter speed bumps. So instead of getting upset and feeling bad for her daughter, she gestures for her to get up, stop being a baby, and keep playing.Go.One word. Does this mean that Leigh Anne doesnt love Collins? Does this mean she is trying to lower her confidence? Just the opposite. She is raising an independent woman, who will know how to deal with issues by herself. Stron gwomen breed strong women. She loves her daughter so much that she wont stand to let her become dependent on another person. Do you think Collins will end up being a needy, desperate woman in ten years? fall apartt count on it.This face is saying, And I mean it, mister Dont you act like a sissy when it is your job to lead. Now run short3. MaturityIts obvious Leigh Anne doesnt sugar coat life for her kids. She knows that when they grow up, nobody is going to sugar coat things for them then, so why do it now? If they grew up having a skewed view on who they are in life, reality will hit effortful when they learn the truth. Leigh Anne knows this, and keeps it real with SJ after his performance as an American Indian in his school play.SJ, dont let this go to your head, but I thought you were very convert in the role of Indian number three?Yes.It was a real compliment, and that is light years more meaningful than blowing smoke up someones butt. SJ will grow up to know how to react to real criticism in a confident and mount up manner. He will learn to don when he isnt perfect, and this builds character. Someone comfortable with their vulnerabilities is the most confident person you can meet. She treats him as he wants to be treated, with sincerity. From watching the movie, its obvious SJ is mature for his age. Why do you think this is?Another example of teaching maturity to your children is to give them adult decisions to make that can affect the entire family. When you do this, you not only give them a sense of worth for themselves, but you are also preparing them to make important decisions as they become adults. Leigh Anne demonstrated a practiced example of this when she gave Collins the decision to whether the family should keep great mike in their home, or to let him go.Giving your child important choices to make on their own allows her to prove the maturity she wishes to show to the easing of her family. Its funny how when you give your child a acco untability, if you expect her to followthrough, most of the time she will.4. Compassion and rightOn their way home from the play, the Tuohy family saw Big mike walking in the rain to the gym to get some warmth. Hes now homeless and has nowhere to stay. What would you do in this situation? Leigh Anne was teaching SJ a lesson in compassion when she made no argument to bring Big Mike home with them for the night. Compassion is an emotion, and the definition of an emotion is a thought that inspires action. Taking him home was the action, and to pass-up on that would be ignoring her responsibility. It is any healthy persons responsibility to take care of others as a way of being grateful for life. Its nice to think that we would do something like this, but would we really? That small difference is what will make your child a giver or a taker as they grow up. unwrap Leigh Annes sternness with Mike as he is acting standoffish towards her. Notice the raised eyebrows, this is simple body l anguage denoting expectant of an answer. She uses strong facial expressions, body language, and eye collision with him to let him know she is not playing games. She didnt palaver to him from the car window, but instead walked straight up to him with little introduction. She was cutting to the point.Heres the shot of compassion.Here is her glare of responsibility. SJ sees all of this. She is saying with her face, Dont you dare deny that this is our responsibility.She doesnt ask, Would you like to stay at our house tonight? She knows hed say no. Thatd be a cop out for her. She can get back in the car and secure her family, Well, I tried. No, she knows that in order to be happy and to do the same for others, she has to take matters into her own hands. She TELLS him to come home with them. She knows its the right thing to do, and she knows Big Mike wants to, but is too shy. This is where her leadership skills come in as well. Most people are too scared to say how they feel. There a lways must be a leader in the group that calls the shots.Leigh Anne Tuohy takes that role seriously. Watch above how she doesnt plead with him, she just turns around KNOWING that he will follow.4. Body LanguageSJ is at the age where he is getting most of the lessons, and a kid would be fed up with his mothers discipline by now. But not SJ. Why is that? When Leigh Anne lays down the law, she doesnt do it with anger or emotion. It is straight up unemotional discipline. She also makes original everyone KNOWS she is in charge, so no one argues with her. SJ looks up to his mother because she is such a strong leader. Watch this clip below, and notice how her correction is quick, unemotional, and sure. SJ reacts like lightning, because Leigh Anne demands salutary behavior from her children, not just asks for it.Notice how the correction of SJs behavior did not make the relationship between him and his mother sour? Even straightaway afterwards, he was cracking up at his mothers assertive attitude towards taking Big Mike shopping. He loves her There were no hard feelings because Leigh Anne doesnt mix feelings with discipline. Also take note of how quickly Leigh Anne changes her demeanor from tough-love Leigh Anne to cheerful perky mama after the correction has been given. Lets talk about the subtle body language correction itself. SJ wasnt rebelling by putting his elbows on the table, nor did he MEAN to be disrespectful.He was simply being lazy and forgetful. Leigh Anne was acting as his temporary conscious brain reminding him of something he should already have known to do. When SJ gets older, hell be able to remind himself about bad body language, because hes been given cues as a child for when to correct himself. Why correct bad body language in the first place? Because if ignored, it can turn your mood into the way it looks. Elbows on the table blocks off others from talking to you. SJ wasnt trying to do that, but the perennial habit of it can eventually make h im feel more comfortable eating without anyone bothering him. Leigh Anne is there to nip that in the bud.5. Self-sacrificingDid I mention that charisma is about exposing your vulnerabilities? People are so caught up with the thought that confidence has something to do withonly showing your strengths, but thats just half the equation. When you can show your weakness to others, and take it even a step further and sacrifice yourself for their benefit, you are on your way to confidence mastery.When Leigh Anne gives the famous speech to Mike on the field about protecting his family, she is putting him in a leadership role among the teammates. A leaders job is not only to lead, but to ensure the well-being of the rest of the group. When you make the choice to protect your friends, family, or teammates, you are sacrificing the chance of your own well-being for others. This is what makes a loved leader. Notice how Leigh Annes expression up above is saying, I know you have the guts to take c harge of your team, Michael. So do it. Shes not yelling at him, she is disciplining him And its obvious that he adores and respects her stern demeanor. Leigh Anne doesnt beat around the bush, and people not only respect but enjoy such direct interaction. (Dont confuse this with bitchiness. Some people like to be blunt in a rude and demoralizing way to others, claiming they are just being honest. No, theyre not being honest, just negative. This isnt a confident trait, its insecurity manifested into fake confidence. Be sure not to mistake your confidence for anger, jealousy, or insecurity. A confident person is self-LESS, an insecure person is self-ISH.)6. Emotionally StableMost people in this world cause emotional instability. They get upset over things, whether big or small, and show anger towards others because of it. A confident person is always emotionally stable. There is never a time where getting upset is necessary or beneficial to a situation. It is always a deterrent to yo ur well-being, as well as to the rest of the people in your family.When Michael had gotten into a car accident with SJ sitting in the front seat of the pickup truck that the Tuohys had bought for him, he knew he screwed up bad. But aside from minor cuts and bruises, SJ was fine. Leigh Anne had a choice to use anger as a way to teach Mike a lesson, or to calmly address the situation with a peaceful mind. The problem with using anger as a methodfor discipline is that it breaks the trust between you and your child.Theyll begin cover things from you, lying to you about the party they went to last weekend, and eventually your kids will be living a secret life keeping you out of the loop when it comes to their real lives. But aside from the trust factor, choosing to live an emotionally stable life lowers your stress level to zero, and teaches your children to do the same. When you can approach each and every situation from a place of calmness, you automatically set yourself up for a conf ident disposition. Your family members feel more confident in following you, because your choices do not come from a place of negative emotion, but rather positivity and love.

Embroideries on Gujrat

Embroideries of Gujarat ARI work Printing and embellishment in Gujarat reveals a cultural tradition that has evolved through centuries. Most of the best and earliest textiles were created in Gujarat. Printing and embroidery in Gujarat has a huge world market. Varieties of embroidery in Gujarat include * Toran, the embroidered doorway embellishment with hanging flaps, which is said to ventilate good luck. * Pachhitpatis, hanged from the corners as a welcome symbol to the visitors. * Chaklas, utilize as furniture covers. * Bhitiya, a wall hanging. Abhala, where small reverberate discs atomic number 18 fixed with closely worked silken thread. Printing and embroidery in Gujarat is an inherent talent that passes through generations. They excel in making the following * cholis (bodices) * gaghras (skirts) * odhnis (shawls) * love spreads * bags * wall hanging * Variety of ornamental pieces for home decor. Source http//www. blog. gaatha. com/? p=1467content Ari work and its origin Onc e adorned by the royalties of the country, on the scintillation of silk and the softness of velvet, the designs always would stand out like a peacock on a rainy day.Of Persian motifs enthralling the costumes and wares creating a luster of opulence and elegance, the art of aari embroidery, zari and zardosi has come a long way,since its royalty days. Ari embroidery is very old and known for its heavy work. It is done with a cobblers stitch, which needs much accomplishment and practice. The royal ladies of Kutch who were moved by the Persian motifs like peacock and flowers became great patrons of Ari embroidery. Rabari Embroidery is the most conspicuous work and available easily.The Kutchi Rabaris employ mirrors of unlike shapes and sizes. Applique or Katab is another stool of decorative needlework, more pronounced in Saurashtra, it is done with pieces of colored and patterned fabric, which are nicely cut to puff the motif and then stitched on to a plain background to make quilts, curtains and wall hangings. Another very important aspect of the printing and embroidery in Gujarat are the fabrics with Block Prints. They eespecial(a)ly fascinate the foreign tourists. It is the printing of cloth with carved wooden blocks. Needles used for aari workLooking at each of these distinct patterns of work, they are created with precision and a method best known to their artisans. The Aari embroidery, a celebrated and muchadored work of Gujarat, requires not just the perfect stitch but also the savvy of the innate technique by which it is created. The thread is held with a finger at the reverse of the fabric and theaari, an awl-like needle with a sharp point, is held on the filch. How it is made The aari is pierce through the cloth and the thread is brought to the upper side and used to secure the previous stitch.Thisunique stitch, similar to the cobblers stitch, is repeated until the desired form is created on the surface of the fabric. The best pieces of fabrics use d for this embroidery are oftensilk or a locally made satin called Gajji. Atlash, a special silk-satin is also used for the purpose. Ari work being done on fabric Threads used Dotted with bootis of various shapes and sizes,motifs and designs of peacocks, flowers, these embroidered sarees, suits, dupattas and traditional Gujarati ghagra-cholis find themselves to be the centre ofattention for the women crosswise the world.Whereas, the roots of this art in India go as deep as the time of theRig Veda, it prospered during the Mughal Emperor,Akbar. And with this, came thePersian influence, which we see in the motifs, worldlys and the nomenclature today. Zari Zari, a specialgold/silver thread, is often used foraari embroidery. A fine hook needle is used to make quick chain stitches with the zari. The artisan needs to not only manoeuver the needle with a rapid hand but also make sure that this pace is withheld and is keptstandard for picking the material and meshing with the fabric. NAKSHA Patterns cannot be directly created on to the fabrics. First, a complete and clear pattern has to be drawn on abutter paper, designing the alike is done by a naksha naviz, who only helps in creating a unique pattern. The paper is then perforated along the lines of the pattern and placed on top of the fabric. Next, the artisans, using chalk, rub the pattern over the fabric, imprinting the required design. Once this has been done, aroundsix to seven craftsmen take a portionof the fabric and belong the process of embroidering the zari, using awooden frame called the Hadda, karchop or Khatli- in Gujarati.

Architecture and Exterior Design in Russia

IntroductionIn the study of the architecture history, it was discussed about the bibliography of Bartolomeo Francesco Rastrelli ( 1700-1771 ) and the residence grammatical construction of Tsarskoye Selo which was located in Russia. Bartolomeo Francesco Rastrelli was the in charge of the Tsarskoye Selo residenceconstruction since 1748 until 1756. His aspiration was the combined of latest 17Thursdaycentury Italian architecture flair with the traditions of Muscovite Baroque manner. At the last-place of 18Thursdaycentury, Tsarskoye Selo was became the most popular topographic point of summer abode among the aristocracy. It was a historical memorials and constructions which contained a batch of cultural artifacts in Russia. In Figure 1 beneath was giftn the Hermitage Pavilion in Tsarskoye SeloArchitecture was the general term which described the structural of the edifice and physical design. In the architecture country, it was included the structural edifice planning, planing and i n addition the building of the edifice which was the physical constructions. Architecture was besides defined as the art and scientific discipline of the planing edifice constructions. The manner of the design and the methods of building of the design were developed through the cognition of art, scientific discipline, engineering, humanity and creativeness. Without those development cognition, there were be difficult to accomplish successful design and structural. During the design, it was needed to far surveies and researches which help in good k nowadaysing of the design based on the design demand, for illustration the stuffs used for the structural design and besides consideration of the reinforce environments. A really celebrated definition of architecture was defined by the Gallic designer which was Le Corbuiser. He was defined that Architecture was the masterly, correct, and brilliant gaming of signifiers under the visible radiation. ( Vers une architecture, 1923 )Exterior design was known as the outer, or the design being on the outer sides which was intended and comfy for out-of-door utilizations. However, inner(a) design was defined as the prevarication, happening and working within the modification or internal design boundaries. ( Veronica Romualdez, 2013 ) Therefore, from the descriptions and definitions of the inside and exterior design, there were the differences betwixt both of the design constructs. The elements that were included in interior design were been line, infinite, texture, visible radiation and coloring material. Where, the basic rules of interior design were been the design graduated table, proportion, balance, beat, phrase and besides integrity.By comparing of both architecture and inside, there was found that the critical demand in both architecture and interior design which was to agnise that their functions, methodological analysiss and besides service outlooks so that they can farther germinating within the speedy switchi ng societal and economic utilizations. Where, architecture and interior design were now the subsets to frustrateher with in writing, industrial design and landscape design which were focused on work outing design and development jobs so that they can stand up and readying for greater design accomplishments.Figure1 Hermitage Pavilion in Tsarskoye Selo( Wikimedia Commons, 2012 )Bartolomeo Francesco Rastrelli was born at 1700 in Paris, France and died in April 1771. He was the boy of Carlo Rastrelli. His male p bent was a woodcarver who came to St. Petersburg for his work with Peter the Great. Bartolomeo Francesco Rastrellis professional and architecture centering were under his male parent educated which trained him as designer. He was started his formal instruction in Europe since 1720 century. Harmonizing to Italian descent, Rastrelli was moved to St. Petersburg in 1716. During the first 5 old ages in Russia, he was worked with together with his male parent, Carlo Rastrelli for d ecorating the insides of the castle of the Russian nobility. ( Andrei D. Sarabianov, 2013 )Since, 1721, Rastrelli was worked on an individual basis as an designer and instantly made his ain name for himself as a professional with a rich imaginativeness and creativeness designer. The first committal of Bartolomeo Francesco Rastrelli was to construct a St. Petersburg place for Prince Dmitrie Cantemir, which was a former swayer of Moldova at Millionaya Ulitsa. Rastrelli was the last great Baroque designer to work in St. Petersburg, and he was lived to compute the spectacularly cosmetic manner that make him championed autumn out of favor with citys elite. He besides was the impressive Godhead of the Winter castle and Catherine Palace in Tsarskoye Selo, which were a luxury enjoyed and displayed by Russias Romanov swayers in the 18Thursdaycentury, became the outstanding facet of St. Petersburgs architecture for international visitants. The Figure 2 below was shown the Catherine Palace that named after Catherine I, the married woman of Peter the GreatFigure2 Catherine Palace in Russia in Tsarskoye Selo, Russia( Saint Petersburg Gallery, 2012 )Within the 50 old ages period, Rastrelli was established a great figure of castles for Russias swayers and the members of the imperial tribunal. He was in the particular favor of the empresses Anna I and Elizabeth I, who were partial to deluxe luxury. The castles that were built for empress Anna was the Winter and Summer Annenhof. Unfortunately, uncomplete of them were survived, where the Winter Palace in St. Petersburg was destroyed by discharged. During the 20 old ages reign of Empress Elizabeth I ( 1741-1761 ) , Rastrelli was built 12 castles and a figure of cathedrals for her. Empress Elizabeth I was besides employed him for the station of senior tribunal designer since 1730Thursday. Within the continuance of 1748Thursdayto 1756Thursday, Rastrelli was in charge of the Tsarskoye Selo abode building.Besides that, since 17 49Thursdayto 1756Thursday, Rastrelli was besides rebuilt the Bolshoi Dvorets which now named as grand Palace in Tsarskoye Selo and created a series of marquees in its park. The Tsarskoye Selo Palace was known as the Pushkin Palace which was 1000 pess long, and noted of adornment of its frontages and insides building and the prosperity of its ain plasticity of coloring material. ( RusArtNet, 2012 ) Tsarskoye Selo Palace was besides one of St. Petersburgs must see attractive forces, and at that place can easy occupied by visitants for serious twenty-four hours long. Where, the structures abundant sweetening of Tsarskoye Selo Palace was makes it look to hold been notched out of a individual ball of rock.Rastrelli was acknowledged by everyone with his mastermind of combination of glare with harmoniousness and symmetricalness with edification. However, the chief ground that Rastrelli had a singular success in Russia was because of his alone combination of national traditions with Europ ean manner and elegance. Therefore, he had a major influence on Russia architecture and besides their civilization.Wikimedia Commons. 2012. hypertext transfer protocol //commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/ register Hermitage_pavilion_in_Tsarskoe_Selo_02.jpg. ONLINE in stock(predicate) athypertext transfer protocol //commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File Hermitage_pavilion_in_Tsarskoe_Selo_02.jpg. Accessed 30 April 15 .Vers une architecture. 1923. hypertext transfer protocol //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toward_an_Architecture. ONLINE Available at hypertext transfer protocol //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toward_an_Architecture. Accessed 30 April 15 .Veronica Romualdez. 2013.What Is the Difference Between Exterior & A inside? . ONLINE Available at hypertext transfer protocol //www.ehow.com/info_10042052_difference-between-exterior-interior.html. Accessed 01 May 15 .Andrei D. Sarabianov. 2013.Bartolomeo Francesco Rastrelli. ONLINE Available at hypertext transfer protocol //www.britannica.com/EB checked/topic/491832/Bartolomeo-Francesco-Rastrelli. Accessed 03 May 15 .Saint Petersburg Gallery. 2012.Catherine Palace. ONLINE Available at hypertext transfer protocol //www.saint-petersburg.com/pushkin/catherine-palace.asp. Accessed 03 May 15 .RusArtNet. 2012.Bartolomeo Francesco Rastrelli. ONLINE Available at hypertext transfer protocol //www.rusartnet.com/biographies/russian-architects/18th-century/bartolomeo-francesco-rastrelli. Accessed 04 May 15 .Tsarskoe Selo ( Pushkin ) , St. Petersburg, RussiaBased on the grounds show for the profusion of Russias Imperial swayers, you can happen out the facts in less than dickens centuries, there is non construct up one Romanov Tsars but two suburban existent e deposits at Tsarskoe Selo and Pushkin. Even the Versalles besides lost its copiousness surplus. Besides that, there can saw the construction of two broad and genuinely alone castles, the two sides surrounded by large-scale landscaped gardens with assortment and capturing cosmetic architecture. The established of Empress Elizabeth by Bartolomeo Rastrelli, there tolerate the designer of St. Petersburgs Winter Palace, specifically the most attractive of Tsarskoe Selo decidedly is Catherine Palace, one of celebrated is ebullient Amber Room. A neoclassical chef-doeuvre manner of Alexander Palace has a particularly affecting connexion with the household of the Last Tsar, Nicholas II, but less good known and today much more had destroyed.The most attractive suburb of St. Petersburgs which surrounded the Tsarskoe Selo estates at The town of Pushkin are renamed in Soviet times to mark the greatest poet at Russia. non merely that, the town has legion attractive forces connected to Alexander Sergaevich which including a museum in former Imperial Lycee, where he educated.INTERIOR AND EXTERIORCATHERINE PALACE afterward Catherine I, the married woman of Peter the Great, named The Catherine Palace when her hubby passed off for two twelvemonth for Russia. When Catherine in 1717, a moderateness two floor edifice are consigned by Peter. The Catherine Palace are intrusting its shrewd magnificent to their girl, the Empress Elizabeth, Tsarskoe Selo was ordered by the Empress Elizabeth as her head summer abode. The edifice was re-established by four different architected get downing in 1743. In order to vie Versailles, Chief Architect of the Imperial Court and Bartholomeo Rastrelli was received instructions to redesign the edifice on a graduated table.Thirteen old ages subsequently, the obtained castle was consummation in 1756. German sculptor- Johann Franz Dunker, who worked with Rastrelli on the palaces original insides, besides designed the about 1km in perimeter with meticulously decorated blue-and-white frontages characteristic aureate atlentes, caryatids and pilasters. When Elizabeths be on the throne, it disbursals over 100kg of gold to garnish the castle outsides, when Catherine the Great discovered the state of affairs, she condemn tha t private financess had been squander overdose on the edifice.The insides of the Catherine Palace besides grandiose. Rastrelli besides had designed the particularly celebrated, alleged Golden Enfilade of province suites, presents forms the focal point of the castle circuit. In fact day of the months from the 1860s, invitees enter via the State Staircase, it blends effortlessly with the brilliant rococo of Rastrelli s insides, so its with bonzer bannister and magnetic dip backing marble Cupids. The Great Hall which have another name as Hall of Light, there have beautiful scenery on both sides because of the castle had occupied the full breadth, measures about 1,000 square metres. In order to cut down the huge measure of aureate stucco for adorning the walls, the sizes of the arched Windowss elect which supply plentifulness of visible radiation are immense. In add-on to this, the whole ceiling had covered by a monumental fresco which call The Triumph of Russia. in the White Dining R oom looks equal magnificent, for illustration the suites in castle, there are utilizing resemble engineering but on a little scope. In the corner, solemn had softened the traditional beautiful blue-and-white tiled range.MentionsWikimedia Commons. 2012. hypertext transfer protocol //commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File Hermitage_pavilion_in_Tsarskoe_Selo_02.jpg. ONLINE Available athypertext transfer protocol //commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File Hermitage_pavilion_in_Tsarskoe_Selo_02.jpg. Accessed 30 April 15 .Vers une architecture. 1923. hypertext transfer protocol //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toward_an_Architecture. ONLINE Available at hypertext transfer protocol //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toward_an_Architecture. Accessed 30 April 15 .Veronica Romualdez. 2013.What Is the Difference Between Exterior & A Interior? . ONLINE Available at hypertext transfer protocol //www.ehow.com/info_10042052_difference-between-exterior-interior.html. Accessed 01 May 15 .Bibliography

How I want to be Remembered

I would like to be meaned in a lot of ways that I know I will not. I would like to be remembered as a brave, strong,smart young lady, but I will probably be remembered as the lesbian Satanist who was smart keep out nobody knew because she never tried.Think of the ways you remember people. You remember them for their bad and their neat. What if you had no severe , what if you had no bad? Thats impossible everybody has a little chip shot of both in them people just take upt everlastingly remember it. The way you are remembered is based on how you be cleard and what did while you were around. Think of our innovation fathers. They had their faults ,but their good out shines the bad. Now think of all the wars weve had. Their were leaders on both sides. Each side ruitted for theit leader thinking they were good and the different was bad.For the other team is was reversed. This shows how there are two sides to every story and how the opinion changes based on who is telling the stor y. Some people major power remember the good about you,some might only remember the bad about you,some might remember the bad and the good,and some might not remember you at all. You always think of the first impression you manipulate well what about the last? When youre dying would you like people to mother see you or have them not and have their last memory of you be good instead of you dying? Just like would you rather have an open casket or a picture of you displayed at your funeral?Remember that every moment could be your last and to make the most of it. Remember the last things you say to somebody because it might be the last words you ever say to them. Im not saying live your life in fear trying to make every moment good because it could be how people remember you. Im saying to live your life to the fullest,make the most of every moment,mean the words you say,cherish your cartridge holder with the people important to you,do something worth living for. sometimes wed rather not be remembered or wed rather not remember somebody. Sometimes no matter how hard you dont want to remember somebody you do because they meant something to you and even though it stomachs to think about them you still do.Sometimes you remember the good things and those hurt you because that person is gone and you cant have those moments again and sometimes you remember the bad moment and they hurt you now because they hurt you them. That person might only be gone temporarily like they are away on a trip or you were a duplicate and broke up. If you know they are coming back or not the time without themis still lonely and painful. If youre lucky that person might come back (if they arent dead because if they came back then thatd be weird and ya know zombie like). If you die you would like to be remembered for all the good things you did not the bad.Some people would be sad if you were gone and some might be happy. You dont want the ones you love to be sad that youre gone ,but you dont exactly want them to be happy about it either. You would like them to mourn you just not be upset that youre gone because you still want them to live their lives happily without you. Things dont always go as planned. Sometimes people leave unexpectedly and dont come back and sometimes people die without warning.Life doesnt follow a plan it goes with the flow and to live life happily thats what you need to do too. Expect the unexpected. Id rather live life to the fullest with the people I love then living it full of mourning for things I never did and the things I never said. I actually dont want to be remembered Id rather be forgotten entirely once I die. It is just easiest that way.

Impact Technology Has on Small Businesses Essay

Technology has given the world a 360 degrees turn, as well as all businesses. Technology has a great impact on our society, culture, businesses and education. This essay will not unaccompanied prove why it has an impact on petty(a) businesses but also prove how it makes engineering science so much better and efficient. The Impact Technology has on Businesses The impact that applied science merchantman buoy make on a small business is huge. Technology has made the world a more efficient and more organized place to succeed, and back end help a small business be a big success and accomplishment.By making a website for your business, you can help the business expand by exchange products through the website, by doing this you expand the business world wide and can increase profit. You can also organize your business in all aspect, frank lying-ins made in a business such as book keeping and record keeping can make so much simpler by using engine room. Technology is not just co m devoteers but is phones also, which is an essential for any business to lease. With technology small businesses can croak world-wide businesses and exceed the main tendency and achievement of the owner.To begin with, technology has made businesses create. By using calculating machines to achieve simple task as book keeping can make the caper easier and keep all papers organized. Computers can help perform many tasks that offices have to do, like book keeping. Microsoft excel can help you perform this task in one single page without confusions and with less work than by paper. This is because excel can perform calculations for you once you adapt it, it is as simple as that.You can perform book keeping, record keeping, and perform all kind of calculations fast, understandable and visible in a single page. Now a day, you can have your jibeings with business partners who argon around the world in front of your computer You can use Phones which are also a part of technology, and without them you cant make rigs for your business, or talk to others business people who can help you make your business grow while making you grow as an owner and entrepreneur also. Productivity can also improve in so many ways by using technology.Technology is exciting and can make things happen in a blink of an eye, work can be so much easier for employees. For example, now supermarkets have advance machines in revisal to ring the customers supplies, if an error occurs the employee can easily delete it instead of ringing everything up again. Without the advance technology we have today, the employees would have to put all prices by hand meaning they have to memorize all prices and if an error occurs, they will have to ring everything up again in order for the total to be correct.Also by having meetings done at that instant online you can save all the time of flying across the world to meet with a business partner, so whatever was in concern can be fixed and finish what you hav e to do, meaning more progress and productivity. By producing a website for your business can you can help it grow and expand your business to many other countries and produce more profit. By making a website many more people can see what your business bring to the world and have to offer.While a website is world-wide, your customers are world-wide, meaning more goods and work the business provide will be obtained and sold. If you sell your merchandize through the web you can perform a test and see how many states and countries, would like to have one of your businesses around based on the location wants and needs and construct the business in that specific location. For that fact, that the owner can make the business grow in difference ways, he/she can grow as an entrepreneur also.Finally with technology, you can produce more profit. By using technology in several ways you can increase the income of the business. Obviously, if you can produce and sell more not only in your locatio n of business but in the web and around the world in which you will expand your business to, you will sell and increase profit. The entrepreneurs income will increase and his success will exceed what was thought to be achieved. Anyone can be an entrepreneur but only the ones who force themselves to do better, can achieve excellence.I imagine that to install various businesses is not what makes an entrepreneur is how you keep those business stabilize and running is what makes a great entrepreneur. Technology doesnt have to be merchandise into the business, business can be technology. There are many businesses in which technology is the main purpose, some businesses produce and sell technology, all kinds and types of it. From computers to printers to phones, not only phones but smart phones and templates which can be made into computers, mp3 and iPod.These are gadgets that are nothing without technology technology is what brings all these gadgets to live. Some businesses cannot prod uce without technology if you theorise of it. For example, supermarkets, when you go pay at the registers, most supermarkets are now complete made of technology, the weigh in order to know the prices of fruits and vegetables are connected to the computer which transfer the weight and gives you a price, the screen you look at to keep in check the prices, thats connected to the same monitor and it all combines to the register.When you are ready to pay and its with your credit card, you pass it through a machine which is connected to all and the internet to get an approval. This all needs technology to function. Matthew Hohn said Together with the advancement of science and technology, technological innovations grew along with it, resulting to the emergence of new equipment and gadgets. No matter how big or small your company is, technology brings both intangible and tangible benefits to become cost efficient and to meet the growing demands and needs of customers in the article.I agre e with him in every aspect, technology has advance the way to look into our world and experiences, and by connecting businesses with technology and the way it can change the whole business completely is incredible. Its truly frightful how technology has changed our world in many different ways and completely. In conclusion, technology has gave business the chance to expand and grow in many ways, by increasing profit, increasing chances of making a being a better one and achieving all the success it thought it will.With technology small businesses can become a world-wide business which will exceed achievement. By becoming world-wide the business will exceed the main purpose and achievement of the owner. Technology can go a really long way especially when its combined with business and greatness.

Shaping Identity Using Social Structure

INTRODUCTION kind structure and fond interaction be integral in evaluating a persons individuality. Identities are the sets of meanings deal hold for themselves that define what it means to be who they are as persons, as comp iodinent occupants and as group members (PJB article) People are broadly speaking influenced by the norms and beliefs of gild. A persons identity is masterminded through a combination of factors derived from social structure (macrosociology) and social interaction (microsociology).The egotism influences connection through the actions of individuals thereby creating groups, organizations, networks, and institutions (PJB a soiciological approach to self and identity). Reciproc each(prenominal)y, society influences the self through its shared language and meanings that enable a person to take the role of the other, engage in social interaction, and reflect upon unitaryself as an object. (PJB, a sociological approach to self and identity). This essay ex plores how components of social structure brush off be more important in shaping an individual identity than social interaction.PARAGRAPH 1 (Definitions& Context) Social structure refers to the framework that surrounds us, consisting of the relationships of people and groups, which gives direction to and sets limits on behaviour. (Sociology, A checkmate to Earth Approach SDEA) K Plummer defines social structures as the patterns of predictable human actions that cluster around key problems in living and they vary in all societies. Social structure is all around us and is what helps to dictate our behaviour and keep our life in order.It sets the scene for an individual to behave and act fittingly in different settings at different times. Social structure is made up of culture, social class, social status, roles, groups and social institutions (SDEA). Social interaction is the way that people interact with one another (SDEA). According to K Plummer, human beings engage continually in social action and interaction with others changing their own lives and others. We are never solitary individuals and always depend on others for a sense of who we are (K Plummer).A persons action is influenced by the actions or awareness of others. Social interaction includes stereotypes, own(prenominal) space, touching, eye contact, smiling, applied body language, dramaturgy, role performance, affair and strain (SDEA). The difference between social structure and social interaction is that social structure provides a guide to everyday life and social interaction provides a meaning of sense (ref)? PARAGRAPH 2 Social status refers to a position that roughlyone occupies (SDEA). Statuses can be prestigious or less prestigious and range from mother, daughter, spouse, justiceyer to criminal.Most individuals are found to occupy several statuses at the same time thus giving us the term status set(SDEA). For example, an individual can take on the status of mother, wife, employee and friend. Out of all the statuses we occupy, there is one significant status that tends to override all the other statuses one may occupy, this is termed as a master status (SDEA). Status can be farther divided into two types, achieved status and ascribed status. To illustrate achieved status, Usain Bolt is best known for being the fastest man in the world.We see him as a 26 year old Jamaican track and field athlete, a son and brother, but ever since winning both 100 amount and 200 meter races in the London 2012 Olympics, his achievements has earned him that title. Achieved status can be both positive and negative (SDEA). By contrast, factors that are involuntary and communicable much(prenominal) as race, sex, family social class, is known as ascribed status (SDEA). These factors are usually beyond our control. As life brings change, so too do our statuses. It is evermore evolving according to changes and stages in life.Despite our state of affairs, it is our status that guides our behaviour. For instance, a colleague may turn up to work one day after facing some difficulties at home, however in a work environment, he would continue to work and behave in a professional manner regardless of his personal situations. In addition, individuals can also reinforce their identity by using status symbols in as part of their appearance. This can be in the form of a work uniform to signify an occupation, or in a fashion sense, the type of clothing worn is a silent statement of what sets you apart from others.PARAGRAPH 3 As Linton states, a person holds a status, and performs a role. Simply put, a status is a position and a role is a set of behaviours. With each status, follows a certain role for us to take part in. People tend to adapt to roles, moving through different roles in fluency as student, son, friend. Because people tend to have many different statuses and therefore, many different roles, conflict occasionally occurs among the various roles. The concept of role conflict is conflict among the roles connected to two or more statuses (ref).A good example of role conflict lies in the working mother she must take on the responsibilities of mothering the children at home while taking on the responsibilities of working outside the home, away from the children, in order to earn an income (RR). This kind of conflict involves roles which arise from crystallise statuses, but the same sort of conflict can occur from the roles of a single status. Role strain, then, is tension among the roles connected to a single status. A teacher, for example, can be friendly with his or her students, but must remain objective in grading them.Roles help to keep our behaviour aligned to our particular proposition status. Roles are an essential component of social structure because they lay out what is expected of people. Role performance is the way in which someone performs a role, showing a particular style or personality (SDEA). Role performance allows us our own unique individuality to show through. PARAGRAPH 4 familiarity is power, information is liberating, education is the premise of progress in every society in every family. These famous words quoted by Kofi Annan refer to a few social institutions that are a part of social structure.Social instituitions consist of family, religion, education, economics, medicine, politics, law, science, military and mass media (SDEA). Each one functions separately but together they enable society to maintain order and create a sense of community. The mass media influences our attitudes toward social issues, the ways that we view other people and even our self-concept (SDEA). Information in the media can be extremely persuasive, it can easily alter our perception if we are not careful or have very little experience in the topic of interest. They not only provide information and recreation but also mould public opinion and attitudes.The information and knowledge which we accumulate through life fro m media is part of creating an identity for ourselves. To demonstrate, smoking advertisements have been around to promote awareness and advises us of serious health implications. However, todays youth may view it differently and partake in it because of peer pressure. On the other hand, media can also bring nations together when there is an important event such as the Olympics, press conferences and so on (RR). The topic of religion is another social institution as it involves patterns of beliefs and behavior that help a society foregather its basic needs (steven Burkan).Emile Durkheim (1915/1947) 1 observed long ago that every society has beliefs about things that are supernatural and awe-inspiring and beliefs about things that are more applicatory and down-to-earth (Durkheim, E. (1947). The elementary forms of religious life (J. Swain, Trans. ). Glencoe, IL Free Press. (Original work published 1915)). Religion teaches us to practise a way of life that is fulfilling for self and others, thus enabling individuals to become better people. This can also create a meaning of identity for some. The other social institutions such as education, politics, law and the military keeps society safe and in order.They inform us of rules and regulations so that society can function and maintain order. Each social institution prove the context which we live, shaping our behaviour and colouring our thoughts. (SDEA). Social institutions form the pillars of society, they are not only a set of rules, but markers for society to develop an identity that is aligned with culture. CONCLUSION Which is more important in shaping individual identity? Studies of social structure attempt to explain the significance of shaping ones identity and in combination play a vital role in defining an individual.It is the content, which provides a way of making sense of who we are. This provides culture to an identity which individuals are embedded in and therefore understood, communicated, and sh ared with others in culture. For example, individuals can define their identity upon meeting someone for the first time by describing what they do, where they are from or whether or not they are in a relationship. Social structure as we can see today can fake opinions, attitudes and thought which leads us to our behaviour and thus our identity.

Child Labor and Sweatshops

kidskin Labor and Sweatshops We must ensure that while eliminating peasant crunch in the export industry, we be also eliminating their fight from the informal sector, which is more invisible to public scrutiny- and thus leaves the children more open to abuse and exploitation. (Carol Bellamy). The topic of child patience is a global phenomenon that has millions of peck heartbroken, held captive, and pleased with the bunk it has fulfilled. It has been around for countless years and is still occurring today. Usually, no awargonness is brought to child elbow grease. Some people just externalize it as a way of living.Although there are some laws against child wear, all that is physically d unitary are three or four declare articles in the newspaper almost how its banned. Owners of sweatshops and billion dollar companies do non see the suffering they are putting infant workers through. Child jab negatively impacts individuals, society, and the economy due to the large prod uctivity and cheap labor. Although child labor does not view as a select year when it began, some magnate say it began at the dawn of men. Children have been worked since the beginning of time and may never end in some countries due to rulers, m unityy issues, and beliefs.In the early 1800s, machines were starting time to replace great deal labor for making most manufactured items. Everywhere from Asia to North America, factories began to increase. Children began operating the power-driven machines. Mostly because children were easier and cheaper to hire than adults. Growing into the mid-1800s, child labor became a major social issue. Children have always worked. But factories needed them more than before. Working in a factory is no walk in the park, especially for a child. A child with a factory job could easily work 12 to 18 hours a day. They could work seven geezerhood a week just to earn a dollar (Herumin 38).Children as early as seven years old would be oblige to tend mac hines in spinning mills or carry heavy loads all day. The working children had no time to play or ingest and education (Herumin 41). Under all the harsh conditions in the factories, children often became ill. Illnesses that occurred during these time periods because of child labor included HIV/AIDS, starvation, small pox, anemia, the flu, a coolness that escalated, and thousands of other reasons. Hence, significant populations of children were dying. Most of the children who were involved in child labor came from poor families.By 1810, about 200,000,000 school age children were working 50-70 hours a week. Sometimes, parents could not break to keep up will all the expenses children came with, so, they turned them over to a factory owner or different family. These families had no mercy they could have 11 year old boys working for 60 hours for dollars a day. Under these circumstances, children were ordered to a lower place strict rules and had to obey all the orders given to them. Finally, people saw the rigourousness that was occurring. Petitions began, companies shut down, and people started adopting the children that were going through that pain. The English writer Charles Dickens helped publicize the evils of child labor with his novel Oliver Twist. Britain was first to pass laws regulating child labor ( narrative of Child Labor). Therefore, Britain recognized the cruelty. Overtime a series of laws shortened working hours, improved the conditions, and raised the age children could work (History of Child Labor). People started to get a sense of mind and child labor began to dim down in Europe. In the United States it took many years to outlaw child labor. By 1899, a total of 28 states started ruling against child labor. American children worked in large numbers in mines, ice rink factories, textiles, agriculture, canneries, home industries, and as newsboys, messengers, bootblacks, and peddlers (Child Labor in U. S History). Organizations such as the Nati onal Consumers League and the National Child Labor charge worked to end child labor. They started to provide free education options around the country. The New England Association of Farmers, Mechanics and other workingmen resolve that Children should not be allowed to labor in the factories from morning till night, without any time for healthy recreation and mental culture, for it endangers their . . well-being and health (Child Labor in U. S History). Most people know about child labor, although no one will ever know the pain and suffering better than the victims of child labor. The interviews child laborers talk in can crush hearts. Children in our very own country go through that either day. A nine year old girl toils under the hot sun making bricks from morning until night, seven days a week. Trafficked with her family from Bihar India. She lives in terrible conditions (Sweatshops and Child Labor). These heartbreak and heinous acts happen to children every day.Nevertheless, t oday these children are more likely than not brought to awareness. Nike has been accused of child labor and this has been an ongoing deal for many years. One accusation about Nike is their association football balls, which are made in Pakistan by child laborers. While Pakistan has laws against child labor and slavery, the Pakistani government has done nothing about this (Child labor and sweatshops 17). Another accusation about Nike is, Nike founder Philip H. Knight pays child workers in Indonesia about $2. 20 a day while his own line of descent in Nike is worth 4. 5 billion dollars (Child Labor and Sweatshops 17).Under these circumstances, Nike has been questioned by the public and judged. Walt Disneys company has also been accused of supporting child labor overseas. Their workers are in vile conditions, diminishing their basic rights, and exploiting their innocence. As one of the most least responsive companies, Disney takes the lead. Disney, which makes children clothes. The bil lion dollar companies depend on workers in Haiti who make 28 cents an hour (Child Labor and Sweatshops 18). While providing cheap labor, the children are defenseless against the torture they endure.Disney workers in Haiti stitch Aladdin t-shirts. In Vietnam, girls work for 17 cents, seven days a week making toys. In china, young boys and girls make Disney story books. Meanwhile, the CEO of Disney, Michael Eisner, makes $102,000 per hour. Since this is true Walt Disneys company has been looked at in a different sort of light by millions. Many organizations today take a stand against child labor. The International Initiative on Exploitative Child Labor (IIECL), also commonly known as the International Initiative to End Child Labor, is a US-based, not-for-profit US IRS approved 501 (c) (3) organization, founded n 1998 and integrated in 1999, that conducts and/or provides education, training, technical assistance, capacity building, research, social accountability auditing, resources, program planning and design, and monitoring and evaluation services to public and private sector, non-governmental organizations, and international research and development institutions that seek to eliminate the worst forms of child labor in the United States and around the world (About IIECL). Their initiative is to eliminate the vilest forms of child labor all around the world and they are working on that today.An impact to stop child labor would be Rugmark. Society is recommending Rugmark which is a company that makes hand woven carpets. Rugmark guarantees the use of child labor free rugs. Its fight against child labor has already created a worldwide point we can have a carpet company, or any company, and not slave at children all day to create these magnificent carpets. Another current organization working to overthrow child labor is the International Labor Organization (ILO). The ILO estimates that about 215 million children around the world toil in child labor today.Of thes e, more than half work in hazardous conditions. (Shining a Light ). More than 60 percent of this child labor is forced. People across the globe hear that forcing child labor is against human rights. Most agree children should not be in positions where their stability is at risk. To stop this, the ILO goes to countries and helps the children in need. Reporting is only one of the vital tools we use to protect workers worldwide. Since 1995, the Department of Labor has funded more than 250 projects in over 90 countries, which have benefited almost 1. million children worldwide. These efforts remove children from exploitative labor and provide them with education and other services (Shining a Light ) Today, every state in America and the federal government has laws against child labor. These laws have cured millions of hopeless children lives. We are one of the many few countries who have this law and take action for it. Nearly sixty percent of Ethiopian children are put to work, earni ng about a dollar a month. In Pakistan, children continue to be used as slaves. Most of the labor offences occur in the nations Punjab province, which is a global supplier of stitched rugs, musical instruments and sports equipment (Child Labor is Making) Thus, this proves many countries today do not recognize child labor as severely as they do in the United States. Lastly, the worst country in the world where child labor is one hundred percent bring in is Myanmar (Burma). Forty percent of the countrys children never enroll in school. The Burmese army recruits start at age twelve.Children who dont collaborate the army are forced into child labor. All these heinous acts are what organizations like the ILO are trying to abolish, but the countries government, is letting this happen. Since this is true and it has been going about for hundreds of years, the chances are slim to none that the government in Myanmar will change. Child labor until recently has not been recognized as a global issue. create countries continued, as they had for centuries, not giving a care who or how imported goods were made.The practice of child labor left children neglected, abused, and starved. The childrens bosses would not care if they did not eat for hours for days. When children as young as five years old are abducted and thrown into this slavery, they usually do not escape the poverty among them. This is wherefore socially, the ILO and other organizations realized this truth and are working to help children every day. Economically, companies such as Rugmark guarantee a hand woven rug that is one hundred percent not made from children.The victims themselves can only be brought out of the darkness of child labor and share their stories so one day this nation will be child labor free. Works Cited Child Labor Facts. N. p. , n. d. Web. 16 Jan. 2013. . Child Labor in US History. N. p. , n. d. Web. 12 Dec. 2012. . Child Labor Is Making a Disturbing Resurgence around the World. Luke McK enna, 6 Jan. 2012. Web. 17 Jan. 2013.

Maps in Your Mind Essay

Reasons for Tolman to carry out the study were to build that complex internal cognitive activity could be studied in rats, not only in humans, and that these mental processes could be studied without the necessity of observing them directly. The theoretical propositions which this research is based on were dickens 2 modifications to the prevailing view that Tolman proposed. One was that the true nature and complexity of learning could not be fully understood without an examination of the internal mental processes that accomp each the observable stimuli and responses. The second was that steady though internal cognitive processes could not be directly observed, they could be objectively and scientifically inferred from observable behavior. The regularity Tolman used were two studies which clearly demonstra6ted his theoretical propositions.The original was called The Latent Learning experiment, where rats were divided into 3 groups. The first of the 3 groups was Group C, control g roup, which was exposed to a complex labyrinth using the standard surgical procedure of one run through the maze each day with a food reward at the end of the maze. Second was Group N, received no reward, which was exposed to the maze for the same amount of age each day but found no food and received no reward for any behavior in the maze. Last was Group D, received a de fixed reward, which was treated exactly akin group N for the first 10 days of the study, but then on day 11 and the remainder of the experiment found food at the end of the maze. The results to the first study were that the rats in groups N and D did not learn much of anything about the maze when they were not receiving any reward for data track through the maze.Group C rats learned the maze to near-perfection in about two weeks. But rats in Group D had found out a reason to run the maze and that was food. They had learned the maze in about 3 days (day 11 to day 13). The only possible explanation for these fin dings was that during those 10 days when the rats were wandering around in the maze, they were learning much more about the maze than they were showing. Tolman explained erstwhile they knew they were to get food, they demonstrated that during the preceding non-reward trials, they had learned where many of the blinds were. They had been building up a map and could lend oneself it as soon as they were actuate to do so. Now the second study was called Spatial orientation experiment.This experiment was designed to show that rats trained in a maze actually k forthwith the attitude of the food reward relative to their starting position even if the elements of the maze be changed, or even removed. First rats learned to run the simple maze, where they entered the maze at the start, then run across a round table and into the path leading to the food at the end. This was a relatively simple maze and no problem for the rats and learned it to near perfection in 12 trials. The maze was chan ged into a sunburst pattern, now when the rats tried their usual rout they found it blocked and returned to the round table.There the rats had a choice of 12 possible alternate paths to try to get to where the food had been in the previous maze. Results for the second study showed that the rats had oftentimes chose path 6, which ran about 4 inches from where the food had been placed in the previous maze. Here, Tolman was expanding his theory beyond the belief that rats, and potentially other organisms including humans, produce cognitive maps of the route from point A to point Z. He was demonstrating that the maps that are produced are not mere strip maps represented as A to B to C and so on, to Z, but are much broader, world-wide or conceptual maps that give organisms a cognitive lay of the land.The significance of Tolmans study was that Tolman theorized that comprehensive maps of our social environment are advantageous to humans, while finalize strip like maps can lead to negat ive human conditions such as mental disorder or prejudice and discrimination. His reasoning was based on findings related to the studies described earlier indicating that when rats were over motivated or over frustrated they tended to develop very narrow maps and were less likely to acquire the comprehensive cognitive mapping skills of the rats described in his studies.

Blinds to Go Case Essay

If Blinds To Go staffing p arentages still wish of staff for the expansion picture, it is difficult for the companionship to fill current store requirements for the additional 50 stores per year. synopsisThe BTG have problems of a variation of the commission- animal footd compensation plan, so they are difficult to view as high-level associates, assistants and managers, they appear to high staff swage each year and lack of the depiction to resume new members. In order to analyze BTGs problems, they must look at their compensation structure, recruiting methods, and the condition of staff turnover. compensation structureIn 1996, the Shillers get backd to change the compensation system from full commission to salary, and her intention was to attract more recruits, make gross sales associates less entrepreneurial and more customer-service foc dropd, but the best commission-based people did non like it and left. However, sales declined between 10% to 30% in both new and breat hing stores from 1996 to 1997. A variation of the commission-based compensation plan was back in 1998, and store sales improved. Next, a plan for store employees was implemented along with a sales award and recognition program, and all full-time sales associates were do partners and given shares in the company. In addition, there was a nonher concern that a commission-based compensation structure would not work in the U.S., because the workers prefer a straight pursue or salary. Finally, senior management believed that sales managers had to be properly motivated and provided them with a combination of store sales commission and opportunities for rapid aimment in the growing organization.Recruiting methodsIn order to attract musical note retail sales fecesdidates, BTG had tried several(prenominal) recruiting methods to varying degrees of success, such as employee referral,Internet sourcing, DSM compensation readjustment, BTG retail recruiters, newspaper advertising, and store g enerated leads. As a result, the most effective method of attracting quality candidates is employee referral, followed by Internet sourcing, and next is DSM recruitment. The total number of employee referral in two months in 2000 is 59, the highest percentage of all recruiting method. Referrals generally pursued employment with BTG, excited by the chance that a friend or family member who was a BTG employee had recounted. Moreover, recruiters were focused on non-store sources and store sources were handled by the DSM. mental faculty turnoverBy June 2000, Blinds To Go operated 120 corporated-owned stores across North America, and it was senior managements smell that quality of staff is more important than store location. There are four staff roles in the store the sales associate, the selling supervisor, the assistant store manager, and the store manager. Overall staff turnover increase to more than 40 percent from a pre-1995 figure of 15 percent. This problem was further exacerbat ed by the event that rapid store expansion into several large cities had required the deployment of skilled store staff, thinning the ranks of existing stores. The 1998 shift back to commission-based compensation structure caused a huge turnover in BTG stores, it had still not fully recovered from the previous compensation change.Plan of ActionIn order for Blinds To Go to recruit and rebel enough people for the expansion plan, the following steps need to be taken so the company pull up stakes success to meet the growth objectives.The sales managers had to be properly motivated so BTG need to change the commission-based compensation structure to have a combination compensation structure with base salary and other compensation decisions.According to the base salary of $8/hour were attracting a take down caliber of people, and the best commission-based people did not prefer it, and the U.S. folks like a straight wage or salary. In addition to the small base salaryand sales commissi on plan, the company could use group incentives and organizational incentives to encourage teamwork and cooperation. BTG may add up a profit sharing plan for employees to receive a portion of the organizations profits over and above their regular compensation. The employee note ownership plans are also available to compensate employees by awarding them shares of the company stock.The company could d tumesce the existing recruiting methods and add more details to the recruiting process more integrated.To provide a job compend and job description are easy for employees to comprehend the important work-related aspects, the basic tasks, duties, and responsibilities required of a detail job. BTG may attach importance to external recruiting rather than internal recruiting, but internal recruiting is still operable for the company to figure out qualified employees inside the company. During external recruiting, keep the method of cold call, walk-ins, internet, employee referral, DSM h ires and develop some other methods. For example, advertising on newspapers, magazines, direct mail, radio, and television are effective to recruit broadly. Moreover, develop employment services is also important, to establish state or private employment agencies, temporary booster agencies, and professional search firms will attract more quality candidates. Furthermore, the special events such as public life conferences or job fairs will also work.BTG may develop surgical process appraisal and use operational one-to-one communication to keep low and functional staff turnover.The performance appraisal is the process of assessing how well employees are doing their jobs. Objective performance measures are also measures of performance that are easily and directly counted and quantified. These measures are benefit for BTG to figure out the quality of the employees, and may use the hierarchical pay structures top decide the pay level of people with different abilities. However, train ing programs are also accessible to improve the quality of employees. In addition, use one-to-one communication could help the managers to figure out the problems of peoples performanceon the job. Especially for counseling, communicate with the person about non-job-related issues that may be interfering with the persons performance could help employees to address their personal issues and improve their performance on the job.By following these steps, BTG can develop enough people for the expansion plan, and the company can meet the growth objectives successfully.Evaluationafter developing the compensation structure, the employees have to be appropriately motivated, and the BTG selling process involved a precise high level of interaction with the customer, which set a very high level of service expectation. The ferocity on customer satisfaction at the retail stores lead to a higher volume of orders sex act to the retail competition. Store sales will improve across the board.To try several recruiting methods such as formal or informal programs that worked to entice qualified personnel to apply to BTG which increase the degree of success. To keep the turnover low and functional, the quality of the stores staff will be high in a healthy competitive environment among sales associates.According to the percentage of staff voluntary turnover occurred in their first four months become low and the employees are stable in BTG, the company will have stable source of staff to proceed with its expansion plan and develop complements efficiently. The sales of the company will be high for each consecutive store opened, and no competitors could replicate the model of BTG.

Orthopedic Physical Therapy

The history of orthopedical material therapy originated in Egypt as far back as 2830 B. C. Splints make been found on mummies made from bamboo, reeds, wood and bark, padded with linen (). orthopedic somatogenetic therapy has withal been recognized in ancient Greece around 430 and 330 B. C. Hippocrates had begined special splints for fractures and rivet on aspects of the human knee during this era (). Modern orthopaedics, with particular focus on the year 1741, shows Nicholas Andry as world the father of orthopaedics.Andry coined the word, which derived from the Greek words for correct or straight (orthos) and child (paidion). Orthopedic somatic therapy specialize in the US in 1974. The Orthopedic Section of the APTA was formed for physical therapists that specialized in Orthopedics. Orthopedic physical therapy implys treatment of the musculoskeletal system that has been subject to injury or trauma. This includes sprains, strains, post fracture, post-surgery and repetiti ve injuries (Orthopedic somatogenic Therapy).Orthopedic physical therapy focuses primarily on treating post-operative joints, acute injuries, arthritis, and amputations. This therapy is essential to reestablish the diligents specialisation, activity or motion after injury or surgery. Some approaches to orthopedic therapy argon stretching, strength training, cold/ angry packs, joint mobilizations, and electric stimulators. Also used sometimes are ultrasounds when dealing with muscle retraining. Stretching is hygienic(p) if the patient has a stiff joint. It is extremely crucial to perform proper stretching techniques.Strength training exercises stern be closed chain workouts or proprioceptive workouts. Closed chain workouts are meant to assist and agreement the strength of muscles whereas proprioceptive workouts assist patients who lost the sense of knowing where a be part is in space. The heat and ice therapy contributes to the circulation of blood which decreases swelling. I t is also used as a warm up or cool off of the muscles being treated. With the use of sonogram, deep wanders are stimulated and warmed (strong-arm Therapy).Just like in any physical therapy, it is important to keep the concept of function in mind. If the patient presents complaints in the musculoskeletal system or if any abnormality has been observed, it is important to do a detailed Orthopedic carnal Therapy examination. To perform an orthopedic physical therapy examination of the muscles, b atomic number 53s and joints, start by dividing the musculoskeletal system into structural parts. Use the opposite side for comparisons. Upon examination, one should note areas of enlargement while palpating the joints and surrounding structures.By noting cope adequatey the constancy of the enlargement and its boundaries, one can decide whether this is due to bony widening, thickening of the synovial lining of the joint, bonkers tissue swelling of the structure surrounding the joint, an e ffusion into the joint capsule, or nodule formation, which might be located in a tendon sheath, subcutaneous tissue, or other structures about the joint. While palpating the joints, the therapist should note areas of increased warmth (Orthopedic physiologic Therapy). There are two types of equipment used in orthopedic therapy.The first are items that are worn and used to support and change weak or traumatized body parts. Back braces cervical collars wrist, hand and elbow splints and knee and ankle braces are a few examples. An injured body part requires stabilization to heal and prevent additional injury. These braces are often made from a mold taken of the affected body part for a unblemished fit to insure complete support. The second type of equipment is meant to assist with activities of daily living and enable one to complete difficult tasks.These items are often referred to as durable aesculapian equipment. The most common DME items include canes crutches walkers adaptive s trollers manual and power wheelchairs. opposite forms of DME include specialized spoons, dishes, extended straws, and raised commode seats, automatonlike lifts, transfer boards and disks, bolsters, and arm troughs. Even though these items are not worn, one will still carry to be measured for walkers, wheelchairs and supportive seating. Many of these items are covered by Medi parcel out, Medicaid, and private insurance companies (Munson, 2010).An orthopedic therapist must have in depth knowledge of disorders and injuries of the musculoskeletal system which includes muscles, bones, joints, bursa, ligaments and tendons. The orthopedic therapist must also be trained in the treatment of post-operative joints sports injuries, such as sprains, fractures, and part arthritis, and amputations. unrivaled must also be proficient in the use of hot packs, cold packs, and the use of electrical stimulation that is often used to speed recovery. (Inverarity, Laura D. O. , 2010). Physical therapy assistants held about 63,800 jobs in 2008.Employment opportunities are expected to face-lift due to the increasing demand for physical therapy services. Employment is expected to rise 35% through 2018, which is oft faster than most occupations Baby boomers are entering the elderly stage making the demand for physical therapy services rise. The elderly are much vulnerable to chronic and debilitating conditions that require therapeutic services. technology developments will also increase the survival rate of trauma victims and babies with birth defects creating another demand for rehab services. Opportunities for physical therapy assistants are expected to be very good.Physical therapists are able to manage a much big clientele with the help of the assistant. Job opportunities are to be particularly good in acute hospitals, consummate nursing and orthopedic doctortings, where the elderly are most often treated. (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2009). The wellness dole out reform has been a big factor in patients receiving care from a physical therapist. The American Physical Therapy Association (APTA) potently supports efforts to reform the United States wellness care delivery system to improve coverage, access, and quality of care and lessen unnecessary costs. APTA stands ready to work with the U.S. Congress and President Obamas administration to take on this policy repugn in 2009. APTA supports the following policy principles for wellness care reform Enact systematic health care reform that provides patient guarantee issue, renewal, and choice and access to affordable health care for all individuals from the health care provider of their choice. Guarantee issue chequers that patients would not be denied meaningful coverage due to preexist conditions. Guarantee renewal would ensure patients would not have their coverage terminated due to a tilt in health status. Guarantee choice would ensure that patients have a choice in their health care insu rance. Reduce health care disparities across race, gender, geographic area, setting, and health status. Ensure that reclamation services, provided by licensed health care professionals, are an essential element of a standard benefits package in any proposal to reform the insurance delivery system. Rehabilitation is a critical part of the health care continuum and ensures that individuals can return to the highest function possible in their homes and communities. Enact insurance reforms that eliminate discretional limits on annual or lifetime benefits -prohibit cost shifting by increased co- salarys, deductibles, and/or premiums and ensure non-discrimination on benefits or providers. Eliminate existing Medicare payment policies that impede patient access to cost-effective outpatient reclamation services provided by physical therapists including permanently repeal the Sustainable Growth Rate (SGR) formula in the Medicare physician fee schedule and replace it with inflationary indices to accurately reflect costs in delivering health care services permanently repeal arbitrary outpatient therapy caps on services and eliminate the unnecessary referral want or certification of the plan of care for patients to access outpatient physical therapy services.This barrier to patient access delays care and adds additional costs for patients and the health care system. Ensure that all models of care delivery, such as medical homes and accountable care organizations, enkindle patient access to replenishment services. Ensure that any policy set forth regarding bundling payments for post-acute care services meet the following criteria Bundled payments should not be implemented into levelal philosophy or regulation without full evaluation of its feasibility and advisability as a payment model for post-acute care services. APTA recommends demonstration projects to further evaluate this payment methodology and for the gradual phase in of policies that change the pay ment system from post-acute care. Patient safeguards should be established to ensure patient choice and access to the full tell and continuum of post-acute and outpatient care. -Post-acute care should be defined as Part A services within the first 30 days post discharge from an acute care hospital stay delivered by inpatient rehabilitation facilities, skilled nursing facilities, home health agencies, and/or long-term acute care hospitals. Enhance initiatives to develop a national strategy that will ensure that an adequate health care hands exists to meet the needs of patients. Enable physical therapists to fully enrol in current initiatives, such as the subject area Health Services Corp, as well as any new programs established to provide workforce incentives to recruit and retain qualified health care professionals in underserved areas. Expand federal funding for clinical education, fellowships, and faculty development in physical therapy. Reduce unnecessary regulatory burden s on physical therapists to lift efficiency and effectiveness in delivering health care to their patients at the right time and place. Eliminate referral for shekels arrangements in health care. Include prevention and chronic care management programs and services to reduce health care costs or to manage those costs in an efficient and effective fashion. Expand health information technology incentives to all health care professionals to ensure greater efficiency, improve patient care, speed outcomes measurement, and enhance collaboration and integration between all members of the health care team across patient settings Payment incentives, training and education should be phased in over a period of time to enhance compliance and effectiveness. (APTA 2009)The anatomical structures involved in an precedent cruciate ligament (ACL) tear are the three divergent bands that make up the anterior cruciate ligament. These are the anteromedial, intermediate and posterolateral bands. Along with the thigh muscles the ACL works to stabilize the knee joint, it prevents the femur from moving posteriorly while bearing weight and stabilizes the tibia from excessive internal rotation. Other structures that may be involved in an ACL injury are other supporting structures such as the anterolateral or anteromedial joint capsules, the LCL and MCL and the PCL (Arnheim-Prentice-Ch19, 1997).There are three bones that meet to form your knee joint your femoris (femur), shinbone (tibia), and kneecap (patella). Your kneecap sits in front of the joint to provide protection. The meniscus is on both side of the joint and offers a layer of articular surface for weight bearing and shock intentness purposes. The bones are connected by ligaments to provide stability to the joint. The anterior cruciate ligament runs diagonally in the middle of the knee to prevent the tibia from sliding out in front of the femur, as well as providing rotational stability to the knee (American honorary socie ty of orthopedic Surgeons, 2009).The ligament most vulnerable to injury is the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL). The major mechanism involved in an ACL tear occurs when a running athlete absolutely decelerates and makes a sharp cutting motion. This is called a single plane injury and occurs when the lower leg is rotated while the foot is in a fixed position. A direct blow to the knee can cause hyperextension and also cause an ACL tear. An athlete that experiences a tear feels or hears a pa with immediate instability, pain and swelling and may complain that it feels as if the knee is coming apart (Arnheim-Prentice-Ch19, 1997).Other symptoms associated with ACL tears include joint swelling or stiffness, knee instability (or giving away symptom), loss of full range of motion, discomfort with walking, or tenderness along the joint line (Journal of Neurophysiology, 2006 American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, 2009). The anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) is the most commonly injured li gament generally among persons who participate in high jeopardy sports. Actions such as pivoting, sidestepping maneuvers, direct contact, slowing down by running or awkward landings have caused this type of injury.Females have a higher risk of ACL injury than males in certain sports due to differences in conditioning of the body, muscular strength, and neuromuscular control (American Orthopeadic Surgeons, 2009). Treatment for a partially torn ACL is far more favorable than a complete ACL rupture. Partial ACL tears typically have a recovery and rehabilitation period of three months however, if a patient continues to have instability symptoms, patients are advised to participate in a complete course of physical therapy with clinical follow-ups.Complete ACL ruptures leave a patient unable to participate in pivoting type sports or other various activities, such as walking. Patient treatment also varies on that persons individual needs, which allows the patient to choose between non-sur gical or surgical treatment options. ACL tears typically do not heal without surgery therefore this option is best for those persons with a low activity level or quiet lifestyle. Patients may recommend bracing and/or physical therapy.If a patient would prefer to return to their high activity lifestyle, then the surgery treatment option would be recommended. Opting for surgery would require the doctor to re physical body the torn ligament by replacing the ligament with a tissue graft. The healing process could take up to 6 months or more (American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, 2009). Physical therapy plays an important role in rehabilitation whether there is surgery or not. It helps reduce swelling, increase mobility and build strength and stability by using various methods.A physical therapy program should focus on returning(a) motion to the joint and surrounding muscles. Followed by strengthening the surrounding muscles to protect the new ligament and give it stability. after wards the athlete is able to get back to normal activities then the program should focus on gaining strength that will pertain to the athletes sport.Works Cited ACL Injury Does It Require Surgery?. 30 Nov. 2010. American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. March 2009 . A List of Durable Medical Equipment Needed for Orthopedics. livestrong. com. 20 Nov. 010. . frontal symmetrical Ligament Injuries. 30 Nov. 2010. American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. March 2009 . APTA. 1 Dec. 2010. . Arnheim, Daniel, and William Prentice. Principles of Athletic Training, Ninth Edition. New York urban center WCB McGraw-Hill/Mosby, 1997. Claes, L. , Faist, M. , Friemert, B. , Gothner, M. , & Melnyk, M. Changes in Stretch Reflex Excitability Are Related to Giving Way Symptoms in Patients With Anterior Cruciate Ligament Rupture. Journal of Neurophysiology. 28 Nov. 2010. . Frequently Asked Questions About Physical Therapy. Orthopedic Physical Therapy. 30 Nov. 2010. . Lippert, Lynn S. clinical Kines iology and Anatomy. Philadelphia F. A. Davis Company, 1994. Lunsford, Denise. PT. Personal interview. 1 Dec. 2010 Orthopedic Physical Therapy. n. d. 23 November 2010 . Physical Therapy. 8 September 2010. 23 November 2010 . Physical Therapist Assistants and Aides. Bureau of Labor Statistics. 20 Nov. 2010. . Types of Physical Therapy. about. com. 20 Nov. 2010. http//physicaltherapy. about. com/od/typesofphysicaltherapy/a/typesofpt. htm? p=1 World Ortho. 2 Dec. 2010. .